Ss2 Assesment

Spreadsheet Software Level 2 (Credit value 4) Assessment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. †¢ The first thing you need to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk †¢ Then work through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly †¢ When you’ve finished, print out a copy to keep for reference †¢ Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study area – make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this assessment document has 9 pages and is made up of 6 Parts. Name: Alvaro Estrada Achieving your qualification In order to achieve your Level 2 ITQ Certificate in IT User Skills qualification, you will need to demonstrate to your tutor that you can meet all of the learning outcomes for this Unit. By completing this Assessment, you will cover the following learning outcomes: The learner will†¦ 1. Use a spreadsheet to enter, edit and organise numerical and other data 2. Select and use appropriate formulas and data analysis tools to meet requirements 3.Select and use tools and techniques to present and format spreadsheet information You will also satisfy the following assessment criteria: The learner can†¦ 1. 1 Identify what numerical and other information is needed in the spreadsheet and how it should be structured 1. 2 Enter and edit numerical and other data accurately 1. 3 Combine and link data across worksheets 1. 4 Store and retrieve spreadsheet files effectively, in line with local guidelines and conventions where available 2. 1 Identify which tools and techniques to use to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 2. Select and use a range of appropriate functions and formulas to meet calculation requirements 2. 3 Use a range of tools and techniques to analyse and manipulate data to meet requirements 3. 1 Plan how to present and fo rmat spreadsheet information effectively to meet needs 3. 2 Select and use appropriate tools and techniques to format spreadsheet cells, rows, columns and worksheets 3. 3 Select and format an appropriate chart or graph type to display selected information 3. 4 Select and use appropriate page layout to present and print spreadsheet information 3. Check information meets needs, using spreadsheet tools and making corrections as necessary 3. 6 Describe how to find errors in spreadsheet formulas 3. 7 Respond appropriately to any problems with spreadsheets The references in brackets below show you where these criteria are covered. Assessment Scenario You work in a newsagents’ shop. Your boss has asked you to analyse the sales of chocolate bars using a spreadsheet. Part A (B1. 1, B1. 2, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) 1. Open Excel to create a spreadsheet about chocolate bar sales. The spreadsheet should contain the following data: Price of the chocolate bars †¢ Shelf location in the shop †¢ Sales of each chocolate bar for January †¢ Sales of each chocolate bar for February Use the information below to create the spreadsheet. Chocolate bar data Chocolate bar prices: Mars: 0. 58, Dairy Milk: 0. 65, Double Decker: 0. 66, Twix: 0. 53, Caramel: 0. 55, Snickers: 0. 57, Boost: 0. 71, Bounty: 0. 35, Aero: 0. 68, Wispa: 0. 65, Milky bar: 0. 40, Yorkie; 0. 70, Galaxy: 0. 67, Lion bar: 0. 65, Rolo: 0. 63. Shelf location in the shop Shelf one: Snickers, Mars, Galaxy, Yorkie Shelf two: Dairy Milk, Caramel, Boost, Rolo, BountyShelf three: Twix, Milky bar, Aero, Double Decker, Lion Bar, Wispa January chocolate bar sales volume: |Mars |54 | |Dairy Milk |36 | |Double Decker |30 | |Twix |24 | |Caramel |48 | |Snickers |108 | |Boost |22 | |Bounty |51 | |Aero |32 | |Wispa |37 | Milky bar |29 | |Yorkie |55 | |Galaxy |60 | |Lion bar |37 | |Rolo |43 | February chocolate bar sales volume: |Mars |60 | |Dairy Milk |42 | |Double Decker |45 | |Twix |36 | |Caramel |57 | |Snickers |114 | Boost |35 | |Bounty |50 | |Aero |35 | |Wispa |48 | |Milky bar |62 | |Yorkie |70 | |Galaxy |55 | |Lion bar |40 | |Rolo |46 | 2. Format the price column of the spreadsheet so that it displays as currency. 3. Create a new column called Total sales.Calculate the total number of sales for January and February for each chocolate bar and populate the Total sales column. 4. Sort the spreadsheet by Shelf location so that all of the Shelf 1 chocolate bars appear at the top of the spreadsheet, then the Shelf 2 bars, then the Shelf 3 bars. Save the spreadsheet with the name: SS2_chocolate_complete Part B (B1. 1, B1. 2, B1. 4) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment), and create a column chart to compare the prices of the chocolate bars. Save the chart as a new worksheet in your workbook.Give this new worksheet the name: Chart1 2. Create a line graph to compare the sales of all chocolate bars in January and February. Save the graph as a new w orksheet in your workbook. Give this new worksheet the name: Chart2 Remember to save your work within the file: SS2_chocolate_complete Part C (B1. 4, B2. 1, B2. 3) 1. Reopen SS2_chocolate_complete (the spreadsheet you created in Part A and added charts to in Part B of this assessment). 2. Add a new column to this spreadsheet. You should add this column after the Total sales column and name it Re-order. 3.If the Total sales of a chocolate bar are more than 100, then stock needs to be re-ordered. In the Re-order column that you have added to your spreadsheet, create an IF statement to show whether stock needs to be ordered for each chocolate bar. The results of your IF statement should display Yes if stock needs to be re-ordered or No if new stock isn’t required. 4. Once you have completed your IF statement for each chocolate bar, save the changes you have made to your SS2_chocolate_complete spreadsheet. Part D (B1. 3, B2. 2) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. . From the resource files open the spreadsheet shopdata. 2. Complete the following table. For each task you must complete the action in Excel, and then complete the table with which functions/formula you used. The first task has been completed as an example. |Task |Use one of these three |Which |Type out the formula / one of the |What is the answer | | |functions to complete the |function did |formulas you used |to the initial task? | | |task |you use? | | |Calculate the total number of|SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT |SUM |=SUM(C2:C7) |350 | |sales for Shop 2 in February | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Identify the most popular |SUM, MIN, MAX |MAX |=MAX(B2:B7) |Snickers | |chocolate bar for Shop 1 in | | | | | |January | | | | | |Calculate the total number of|3D reference using SUM, 3D |SUM |=SUM(Shop1:Shop3! J5) | | |Mars bars sold by all shops |reference using COUNTIF, 3D | | | | | |reference using MIN / MAX. |*see note | | | | | | | Total=1687 | Remember to save your work in this document. *note: To do this task I used Sort AZ in every Shop with intention to get Mars bars in The position row 5, in every shop I did =SUM(B5:G5) and every result in J5. After I did SUM Part E (B1. 3, B2. 1, B2. 3, B1. 4) You will have downloaded some resource files to help you complete this part of the assessment. 1. From the resource files open the document shopdata. 2. For each of the three Shop worksheets, add a new column after June and name it Average. 3.Work out the average number of sales for each chocolate bar in Shop 2. Display the results in the column Average. 4. Sort the Shop 2 worksheet so that the chocolate bar with the least average sales appears at the top, and the chocolate bar with the most average sales appears at the bottom of the spreadsheet. 5. Go to the Shop 1 worksheet. Type the text Shop 2 in a cell in column A. Create a hyperlink using this text which links to the Shop 2 worksheet. Save the file with the n ame: SS2_shopdata_complete Part F (B3. 1, B3. 2, B3. 3, B3. 4, B3. 5, B3. 6, B3. 7) 1. Open the spreadsheet you created in Part A of this assessment, which should be saved with the filename SS2_chocolate_complete. Using the Save as unction, create another file and give it the file name SS2_chocolate2_complete. †¢ Apply bold formatting to all the text in Row 1 †¢ Apply bold formatting to all the text in Column A †¢ Change the text colour of Row 1 to red †¢ Adjust the size of Column F so that the text ‘Total sales’ appears on one line †¢ Insert an outline border to your spreadsheet, and also an inside border to all cells 2. Open the worksheet Chart 1 †¢ Give the x axis the name chocolate bar type †¢ Give the y axis the name customer price †¢ Change the chart type from Column to Bar †¢ Give this chart a suitable title †¢ A legend should be applied, if appropriate. 3. Open the worksheet Chart 2.Add a suitable chart title, le gend, x-axis label and y-axis label to this chart. 4. Check the formatting, spelling and data accuracy of all your work, and respond appropriately to any problems. Describe how you did this. Using Print Preview to view the document. I adjusted the margins, with Page Layout (Margins), which were too wide, necessitating 2 pages to show chart 2. I checked the layout for the first chart and resized the second chart to fit the page. Next, I renamed sheet 1&2 to chart 1&2 on the spreadsheets ss2_chocolate_complete and on ss2_chocolate2_complete respectively. I did this by right clicking on the sheet tab, using Rename I typed in the correct name (chart 1& chart 2).In Review, I used the Spelling & Grammar option to check the whole documents & corrected mistakes. I checked all formulas manually to be sure they are working automatically. Remember to save the spreadsheet with the file name: SS2_chocolate2_complete Sending work Once you have completed all parts of this Assessment, you will need to send your work to your tutor so he or she can see the progress you have made. Send the following files: 1. This document with completed sections. 2. SS2_chocolate_complete 3. SS2_chocolate2_complete 4. SS2_shopdata_complete When you’re ready, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your files to your tutor via your My Study area.

Persuasive Essay on Overpopulation Essay

Overpopulation is becoming one of the most preeminent problems facing human civilization. This complicated, pervasive issue will come to be a problem of the utmost importance for people of all races, religions, and nationalities. Our planet now provides for approximately 5.8 billion people, with projections of around 10 billion by the year 2050. Two billion of these are extremely poor, the poorest of which live in absolute poverty and misery. One very serious effect of the population explosion is its detrimental effects on the global environment. Increasing amounts of food, energy, water, and shelter are required to fulfill the needs of human society. Much of our energy is derived from the burning of fossil fuels-releasing millions of metric tons of toxins into the atmosphere annually. The amount of land required for food production will grow increasingly larger, while the amount of available land will grow increasingly smaller. The affects of overpopulation on human society are many. Suffering from a lack of resources, people are often driven to war when they become too numerous for their available resources. Ethnic and racial differences will grow increasingly frequent and unresolvable. Increasing numbers in urban areas will lower quality of life in cities around the world. The precipitators of this complex issue are unlimited. Factors such as poverty, food distribution, and government corruption are all important aspects. No one will be unaffected by the repercussions of an overpopulated world. This highly sensitive and complex issue demands the attention of all who reside upon this planet, particularly those who have the ability to work for change.

Corning Incorporated : the Growth and Strategy Council

CORNING INCORPORATED: THE GROWTH AND STRATEGY COUNCIL Company Background : Corning Glass Works was founded in 1851 by Amory Houghton, in Somerville, Massachusetts. The company was known as Corning Glass Works until 1989, when it changed its name to Corning Incorporated. Corning Incorporated is an American manufacturer of glass, ceramics, and related materials, primarily for industrial and scientific applications. In 1998 Corning divested itself of its consumer lines of Corning Ware and Corelle tableware and Pyrex cookware.As of 2008 Corning had four business segments: Display Technologies, Environmental Technologies, Life Sciences, and Telecommunication. Innovation was the core of corning’s Identity, because coning is a science based company, Innovation is the engine for the company. Fact 1 : The Formed of Growth and Strategy Council Corning has formed the Growth and Strategy Council (GSC) in 2001 the core group member are CEO, COO, CTO, heads of research, development and engi neering and the head of HR. The role of GSC is varied from making decisions about pacing and investment, advising businesses on pricing strategy etc.The GSC is about establishing best practices and getting all innovation programs to the same level of rigor. Lesson learned 1: GSC as Change Agent Management. Corning needs to maintain their performance in a long term condition. It needs strategy and great people who involved and have willingness to improve the performance for sustainability. The individual or group that undertakes the task of initiating and managing change in an organization is known as a change agent and that what’s corning did when fomed GSC.In many innovative-driven companies, managers and employees alike are being trained to develop the needed skills to oversee change (Tschirky, 2011). My experience I am working at bank bjb which the ownership is 100 % by the government of west java province and Banten province. By 2010 the company had their IPO so some of t he ownership goes to public. And it makes change to the company business overall. To make the company keep sustain my company formed change agent management program that include the director, Groups head, and Branch Managers that made decision about varied company problems. Fact 2 : Corning’s Stage Gate Innovation ProcessInnovation at Corning followed what was called the ‘innovation recipe’ its involved the management that used Corning’s gate innovation process that’s are : Stage I : Gather Information, build knowledge Stage II : Determine feasibility Stage III : Test Practically Stage IV : Prove Profitability Stage V : Manage the life cycle Advancing to the next stage required meeting deliverables and advancing through the ‘Decision Diamond’ Lesson learned : Innovation as a Process and Philosphy For Corning Innovation was as much a set of principles as it was a process, innovation is about idea creation.Innovation at Corning also about being willing and able to take failed ideas and apply them elsewhere Innovation is much more than invention – the creation of a new idea and its reduction to practice and it includes all the activities required in the commercialization of new technologies (Freeman and Soete 1997) Others company experienced We can learned from 3M company that produce the product Post It from accident. A man named Spencer Silver who worked in the 3M research laboratories in 1970 was working on developing a strong adhesive to incorporate it to some of 3M’s current products.After some trial and error he finally developed an adhesive, but for his own disappointment, it was even weaker than what 3M already manufactured at the time. It stuck to things but could easily be lifted off. A couple of ants could lift it up. Then four years later, another 3M scientist named Arthur Fry was singing in his church’s choir. He used markers to keep in the hymnal but they kept falling out of the boo k. Then he remembered Silver’s weak adhesive and used to coat his markers. With the weak adhesive the markers stayed in place, yet lifted off without damaging the pages.Fact 3 : The Concept of Patient Money in Corning Key businesses Corning lost money for 14 years before becoming profitable in 1999. And optical fiber took 20 years to become profitable despite the hundreds millions of dollars the company invested during the 1960 – and 1970s. In 2001 the company approved the appropriations request for a $250 million new factory for the diesel business at a time when telecom business was crashing and the emission regulations for 2007 were not yet in place.Lesson learned : Sustainability investment on Technology Innovation . Innovation at corning meant being willing to make significant. Sustained investments knowing that the payback would likely be well into the future. Corning’s Emphasis on innovation and its long term outlook-made the company unique. Unlike conven tional investments in plant and equipment, which generally have declining returns over time, technological investments are argued to produce positive returns through creating new knowledge, options and opportunities (Arthur 1990). My ExperienceIn early 2011 bank bjb cooperate with western union to facilitate customers who wants to transfer their money to other countries. One of the problems sometimes the transfer didn’t get on time and many system failure. So to solve that problem bank bjb do the research to choose another vendor that more appropriate. Bank bjb also develop their own Information Technology system to create independent remittance to other countries. The result are bank bjb has cooperate with BNI in remittance and also will launch independent remittance system in 2013 that will serve customer better in the future.

Is free trade good or bad for the American economy Essay

Is free trade good or bad for the American economy - Essay Example (Odell, 27) Because it is generally agreed upon that free trade improves aggregate wealth, opponents tend to be those who would personally suffer, such as business owners whose businesses would be unable to compete with foreign rivals. (Lars, 209) Ideally, under a free trade model, every person and every country would produce what they are best at producing and then use the money from the sale of their products to buy those products they are not skilled at making. Many detractors focus on the harmful effects that free trade has on the environment, since free trade agreements allow companies in countries with lax environmental regulations and little financial incentive to reduce emissions or control waste to compete with American companies, which have to expend a great deal of money to meet environmental regulations. (Shaikh, 136) The result, critics say, is that foreign companies have an economic advantage over American companies, or that American companies will move their operations overseas to avoid compliance with U.S. regulations. (Odell, 34) A similar argument claims that trade with countries that have poor conditions for workers reinforces the legitimacy of those conditions. Supporters of free trade, however, claim that free trade is beneficial for the environment, since products are more likely to be produced in places where production is easier, and thus less harmful to the environment. Proponents of free trade claim it is the most equitable trading practice, since foreign companies can compete on equal footing with domestic companies. Free trade allows companies to sell their products to consumers willing to pay the highest price, and allows consumers to buy from the company selling the highest quality product at the lowest price. (Graham, 68) Free trade advocates claim that the taxes and tariffs imposed on imported goods makes it doubly hard for foreign producers to compete: because of the cost of

Abuse of Power, Putin vs Obama and the Crimea Research Paper

Abuse of Power, Putin vs Obama and the Crimea - Research Paper Example The attainment of this power and subsequently its execution takes place on a clearly spelt out constitutional framework of legislation (Hornstein, 2003, p.11). In this regard, economic power may be termed legitimate when it is implemented by either commercial or industrial enterprises which are constituted following the law of the state in which they operate. Whenever power exist, there will be power abuse (Dubber, 2005, p.33). This explains the reason why it becomes difficult to define power except when related to the abuse in which it is exposed to. A number of terms and expressions have therefore been developed to express this concept of power abuse. Terms like power misappropriation and thirst for power have been extensively used. Numerous debates have been organized to discuss this concept of power abuse and one significant fact that has come out is that it is both vast and vague (Dubber, 2006, p.090). This implies that the abuse can result from both the way the power is sought and the mechanism of its execution. For instance, power abuse can results when very legitimate mechanisms are exercised in pursuit for an outcome that is deemed unlawful. Similarly, when unconstitutional means are espoused to obtain the right objectives, a power abuse arises (Cossins, 2000, p.63). Practically speaking, the concept of power abuse can be explained on account of three principle elements (Hornstein, 2003, p.29). These elements include: the purpose, the means and the limits surrounding the power execution. The unconstitutionality of the purpose that any power seeks to achieve often characterize its abuse (Dubber, 2005, p.73). For instance, in political and socio-economic structures, power abuse might be reflected in cases where individuals use power to reverse an imposition of a legal control on certain individuals. It is also expressed in case where power is used to put to a halt a court proceedings or a averse a court judgment on some individual

Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading - Essay Example Additionally, individuals treat the disabled and homeless in society with compassion while they can offer them job opportunities that give them the chance to buy the food themselves (OBrien 56). This essay asserts that the disabled and homeless in society should be treated with respect and compassion in society by giving them equal opportunities in various sectors including the job market owing to the fact that they can give an equal contribution in society if they are granted equal opportunities. The American Disability Act (ADA) is an all-inclusive federal civil rights decree that protects the rights of the individuals with disabilities. It influences various sectors including state and local government programs, employment, public services including transportation and access to places of public accommodation such as businesses, restaurants and other places of public accommodation (Fielder 67). The act was enacted in 1990 following continued existence of unnecessary and unfair prejudice that denied people with various disabilities the chance to compete on an equal platform with normal individuals (Colker 67). There were proposed changes on the act that were effected in 2009 after the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) was signed into law. In the article ‘Homeless’, Anna Quindlen gives a different view on homelessness. She describes her encounter with a homeless woman. The woman produces a number of pictures of a house showing that she had a home (Quindlen). However, the woman was wearing a raincoat with creases on it. This shows that at some in life, the woman had a home and her life was in order. Generally, the article discusses the plight of the homeless in society. The homeless should be treated with dignity and given the required help to get on their feet. The homeless lack a permanent residence owing to the fact that there are limited shelters. A recent research

Explain the relevance of segmentation to the 21st century business of Essay

Explain the relevance of segmentation to the 21st century business of your choice - Essay Example New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 10 Cant, M., Strydom, W., Jooste, C., and du Plessis, P. 2009. Marketing Management. Cape Twon: Juta and Company Ltd. 10 Dibb, S and Simkin, L. 2013. Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen! New York: Routledge. 10 Duening,T., Hisrich, R and Lechter, M. 2009. Technology Entrepreneurship: Creating, Capturing, and Protecting Value. Waltham: Academic Press. 11 Hill, C and Jones, G. 2012. Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach. Belmont: Cengage Learning. 11 Jones, C. 2013. Apple's Stock Awards Value Has More Than Doubled Over The Past Three Years. [online] Forbes. Available at: [Accessed 20 October 2010]. 11 McDonald, M. 2012. Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 11 Mohr, J., Sengupta, S and Slater, S. 2010. Marketing of High-technology Products and Innovations. Missoula: Jakki Mohr. 11 Sigal, M. 2010. Apple's segmentation strategy, and the folly of conventional wisdom: Ten years after a n iPod powered rebirth, Apple's run continues unabated. [online] O’Reilly Radar. ... Managers of the marketing departments in most businesses have come up with ingenious ways of ensuring the marketing works, and the business makes profits. Market segmentation is the strategy that has been proven to work miracles in the world's business. The strategy is based on dividing the various clients or customers of the business into various groups. Consumers with the same specifications and needs are grouped together. This makes it easy to address the needs, requirements and issues the clients in the various groups may have (Elsevier, 2002). Market Segmentation in Technology Businesses Market segmentation is one of the best marketing strategies know today. This strategy categorizes clients in different groups making it easy for the companies to address their client needs. In that situation, businesses benefit from increased sales and profitability. Marketing segmentation also has benefits to the consumers. Their needs are well addressed according to their specifications. The i nformation technology industry is comprised of programming, computing, data processing, telecommunications, gaming, networking, the Internet and applications. The information technology industry is different from all the others in several ways. However, targeting potential clientele and segmentation of the market is all the same. For proper market segmentation, the businesses have to do the following. To divide all possible customers into groups: The first thing a technology manufacturer or service provider is to determine the target markets. This should be done according to demographics, geographical, psychological and perception and behavioural variables. The company should also

From an environmental perspective discuss the relationship between Research Paper - 2

From an environmental perspective discuss the relationship between Logistics, Operations and the Environment in International Manufacturing Organisations - Research Paper Example The third bottom line is the planet account which is the measure of how responsible the company has been to the environment. Therefore, the triple bottom line consists of profit, planet and people. This is used to measure the financial, social and environmental accomplishments of the company over a specified period. A company that does this is taking into full account the total cost of the operations. These may also be referred to as the three pillars of business (Avella et al, 2010). The basis of this concept is the fact that what a company measures is what the company is likely to direct its attention towards. When the companies measure their social and environmental impacts, they will pay attention to these effects. This is arguably the only way the community will have socially and environmentally responsible organizations. The three pillars of business include the customers, systems and teamwork. Customers are a core aspect considered in the prosperity of a business. They provide the cash flow that sustains businesses. The organization must aim to succeed with its customers so as to succeed as a whole. The motivation of the organisation is to provide the customer with what they want in order to fulfil their needs and perceptions. A good team is created through synergy that is created through trust and working closely together. The executive team in charge should be able to rely on each person in the team. The team members should know their job specifications and fulfil them as expected. The team members should also receive appropriate training following their employment in the organizations on what is expected of them so as to improve efficacy in their work performance. A business should also create specific set ways of doing things and carrying out certain activities which include computer technology , communication and networks. This reduces the time it takes for procedures to be executed. Set

Present, Review and Analize anOrganization Research Paper

Present, Review and Analize anOrganization - Research Paper Example GMC became a part of General Motors incorporated in 2009. GMC has incorporated strong operational and financial policies after a short period of losses and has reverted back to high profits in 2010 after a strong audit over its financial and accounting policies. 1) Identify the core functions of each department, their strengths and weaknesses, and make recommendations for improvement, as appropriate. GMC is world’s largest automobile manufacturing company based in the US. It provides employment opportunity to more than 200,00 people. They manufacture cars and trucks under many brand names. Marketing is an important activity for all firms. Regarding the marketing department of GMC, they have their presence all over the world. Besides, they are one of the leading brands in automobile industry and this is an opportunity for them. They have goodwill and reputation among customers. Though the competition in this field is stiff, they are in a position to tap their good will and repu tation to exploit the opportunity and can convert to sales. They also have some threats because they are facing a severe competition from Hyundai, Honda, and Toyota etc. As a marketing strategy they are still using celebrity. However, it appears that using social advertisements media and internet marketing will be helpful to cover a wider segment of audience. Their Sales Department focuses on expanding their sales and wants to maintain existing volume. GMC has registered good sales figures at this time and this is a good opportunity for them to expand the market. Globalization and the subsequent economic in many countries have boosted vehicle market all over the world and GMC has potential to cash in on this opportunity. â€Å"General Motors dealers in the United States reported 214,915 total sales in July, an 8-percent gain compared to July 2010† (Sales & Production: GM U.S. Sales Increase 8 Percent in July on Cruze, Crossover Demand, 2011, para. 1). While considering the pr oduction department, they have plants in all major regions, which offers them the opportunity to capture the market easily and can reduce production cost. This is also strength for them because they will be able to easily remain in touch with customers. The accounts department of GMC controls all financial activities and for the last few years they were under the grip of financial difficulties. This had led to bankruptcy, which was a weakness for the department. However, but soon they recovered now their liquidity position in the present is good. It also needs to be appreciated that their debts have reduced considerably, which can be a major strength for future growth. 2) Identify and describe the underlying problem or conflict. During the year 2009, GMC has faced severe allegations of bankruptcy due to which they did not reveal their exact figures in the balance sheet. â€Å"The bankruptcy system is based on the theory that a debtor will make full disclosure of all assets and liab ilities so that the final disposition is in accordance with the requirements of the law† (Brown et al., 1999, p. 1). The management has tried to convince people that business is running on profit but in fact they have sustained heavy loss. Therefore, they concealed the statement of accounts and produced wrong information. The bank account of GMC was shrinking by $ 1 billion every year and this also showed that their financial

Career Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Management - Essay Example Being an international student, I have been exposed to diverse and dynamic experiences that have subsequently changed the way I perceive my life and the world in general. I have countered my home country life context to embrace the larger world. In the process, I have learnt to define the study of hotel management from a global perspective. Defining myself as an open-minded person has allowed me to dream big in the hotel management context. Although I am still in the process of building my career in hotel management, I believe my future is bright and prospective. My goal is to build a strong career portfolio as a general manager in a U.S hotel. My open-mindedness will essentially influence the pursuit towards the realization of this goal. In terms of global diversity, cultural, social, economic, and political differences observed across the world cannot be ignored. These differences are vital sources of opportunities which I can move swiftly to exploit as I build and manage my career. For this reason, my life continues to become more and more oriented towards personal and global differences that ultimately make the world a unique place for all of us. Most importantly, the plan is to combine the two aspects (open-mindedness and global diversity) to create a strategy mix that enhances my personal and professional competitiveness. It is important to note that the path to a successful career is rough and one characterized by many challenges. The ability to think critically and creatively is, therefore, fundamental. In this respect, the plan is to try and identify opportunities from a basket of challenges. In other words, the objective is to rise above academic, career, and professional challenges to become a globally competitive individual. Success is not achieved or realized overnight. Rather, it is the outcome of a progressive process that

Phase 2 Discussion Board 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Phase 2 Discussion Board 2 - Essay Example Nevertheless, we must start thinking proactively so we can identify and fix the weak systems that are occasioning the problems we are going through. Ideally, our partner could not have been involved in breach of good conduct if we had earlier taken proactive measures by, for example, formulating a tough code of conduct framework to guide our officers when discharging their duties (Hastie, 2010). Apparently, I would like to encourage the members of this committee to adopt a proactive thinking as opposed to reactive thinking. This is primarily because of the shortcomings we are likely to experience if we continue with the reactive approach. For example, you should realize that a reactive thinker will use the company’s resources to solve the immediate problems and then hope that the problem has been done away with. In some situations, a reactive thinker will tend to imagine that a problem has become less significant only to be surprised when it recurs in future with serious conse quences. On the other hand, proactive thinking involves conceiving problems as systems, which is a dynamic approach that puts into account the interaction of both human and non-human elements. For example, an introduction of compulsory integrity course in our organization will go a long way in preventing problems that have a far reaching repercussions from occurring in the future (Hastie, 2010). Defining critical steps in the decision-making process. In regards to decision making in our organization, we can apply rational model (Towler, 2010), which involves six critical steps including problem identification, generation of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, choosing of an alternative, implementation of the decision, and evaluation of decision’s effectiveness. We should, therefore, start by pointing out the problem we are undergoing. Our problem was perpetrated by one of our partners who disregarded his contractual obligation by failing to advise the contracting team t o carry out a very crucial market research analysis on behalf of one of our long-standing clients. If we fail to take an action to address this issue, we are likely to experience dire repercussions including possible litigations for breach of contract, loss of reputation of our company as well as the loss of our esteemed and royal customers. Ideally, it is recommendable that all the stakeholders take part in scanning both the internal and the external environment with the aim of identifying problems so that next time actions can be taken proactively and on a timely basis (Hastie, 2010). Once the problem has been identified, generation of alternatives should follow. Before generating these alternatives, we should specify the goals that we want to achieve. For instance, we intend to increase the integrity level in our company so we can avoid the consequences that comes with dishonesty and lack of fulfillment of our contractual obligations. We also intend to address the mistake that ou r partner did, so our reputation is not tainted. Having identified the goals, it will be easier for us to identify the alternative, however, enough evidence must be gathered regarding each alternative. In addition, the repercussions of taking each alternative should be analyzed (Hastie, 2010). When it comes to the stage of evaluating the alternatives, we must ask ourselves questions

American Ethnic Literature Essay Example for Free

American Ethnic Literature Essay American Literature has been an important part of American people for centuries. What makes this type of literature great is that the authors vision is objective and not one sided. Several of the American authors are still considered to be great writers. The books that were written by these authors are still read by people of all ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, â€Å"editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographical location, language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by white men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be about the United States. There have been many great authors that write about science fiction, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered American literature. Politics also played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to portray the American character as an â€Å"exceptional entity† (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003). In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to publish their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the oppression they were faced with. It is thanks to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex. Another type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often read as an autobiography, even when making no such claims. This is written on a first person point of view. The author’s point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an objectionable story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to live. The topics these authors write about covers racism and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced. The storyline will also vary because each author lived different time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not only to have their own belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might come because they decided to write from their heart. The truth allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others. It is easy to forget what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a world were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the quality of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to enjoy this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it. This is the perfect material needed to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. Reference Michael Hames-Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Martis Truth and the foundations of American literature. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 676208971).

Multinational Enterprises Engage In Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay

Multinational Enterprises Engage In Foreign Direct Investment Economics Essay A multinational enterprise is defined as an enterprise that engages foreign direct investment (FDI) and owns or controls value adding activities in more than one country (John H. Dunning, 1992). Today all big multinational enterprise was once a small firm with a less number of employees. Once the firm started manufacturing the product according to customer needs and satisfaction, then the firm can achieve high success in the market. To start a business a firm needs a capital amount. In the beginning stage of business the firm does not know how to market the product and who are the entire customers and what actually the consumer want. The main reason that firms outsource the products is to know what actually the consumer really needs and to understand the market conditions. Outsourcing helps to reduce the overall costs in an organization. So the cost factor becomes less. Once the firm satisfies customer needs and satisfaction then the business and market can be globally expanded. To achieve high success in business, the firm has to design products according to consumer needs and satisfaction than market conditions. Market conditions are also an important factor; the firms should know how well the product is playing into market and how long it lasts in the market. Customers are the king source in business. To reach our product to all kinds of customers is through advertising, the advertising costs are expensive. So if the firms outsource the product then there is no problem to worry about advertising costs. To expand the business globally the firm has to manufacture products with good quality. A national enterprise is the one which does business within the country and it has no foreign direct investment (FDI) and no exchange value. The difference between national enterprise and multinational enterprise is national enterprise has less number of competitors and multinational enterprise has more number of competitors. Once the business started growing globally the multinational enterprise contributes fifty percent of funds to its organization. To do a business in a particular product, the product has to be patented. The cost of obtaining the patent license is expensive. So if the firms outsource the products then the patent cost becomes less. If the patent license is obtained, then the business can be expanded globally and export cost is also reduced. Globalization is the circulation of goods, services and capital, but also information, ideas and people. It has shaped all of the twentieth century, albeit with large cyclical variations and has become an increasingly visible force in recent decades (World Bank, 2000). FDI Local Packing Assembly Export through own Supply representative or sale subsidiary vxfczxfgd Representative or sales subsialary Export via agent or distributor License Time Depth of involvement in foreign market Fig: 1 Entry into foreign Market Source : Rugman A.M., and Collinson S,2009 Once the business starts growing globally, the competitive advantage also starts increasing. We will come to know about latest technology in the market and more firms in the world. In the initial stage the firm should target only one country to market the product. Once the firms become success in that country then the firms can target many other countries. If the firm exports the product through agents or through distributors then the firm will come to know about the market conditions and the competitive advantage of the product. The important thing is that firms should concentrate mainly on quality, customers need and satisfaction and market condition of the product. The reason that firms export the product through agents or through distributors is the exportation cost. The exportation cost is less. Once the quantity of customers is increased, then the firm can achieve high profits. Then gradually the firm can increase its production and globally the market is also expanded. The firms can exchange ideas and information, improves communication and networking is developed. Initially the main reasons for outsourcing the business are the cost factor. Cost is an important factor to design a business. While doing business the firms should know how to control the overall costs and expenditure. The main aim is to manufacture products with good quality and low costs. The raw material costs are high and the availability of raw materials is very low. Once the number of consumers is gained the business is expanded globally and the firm itself can directly market the product. The main reasons for multinational enterprises are responsiveness to environmental forces such as competitors, customers, suppliers, financial institutions and government. Attracts common pool of resources including assets, patents, trademarks and human resources. More number of competitors starts increasing once the firms become multinational enterprise. The level of development of each country vis-à  -vis the aforementioned prerequisites clearly differs (Patrick, 2000). Central Europe is advanced in terms of infrastructure and privatization than south-west Europe. Mainly western countries give tax benefits and the government itself will provide funds for the firms which are all sick. Foreign direct investment takes an increasingly important role in the restructuring process which hinges on a number of variables. The main reasons that firms go for multinational enterprise is the job opportunities. Job opportunities will be expanded and a large number of employments are provided to large number of people. The national enterprise face pressure from trade union activity to avoid company spread their bases around the world; this in turn weakens the companys growth and economy. One of the important reason firms go multinational is to increase sales and to expand production activities. National firms naturally do not become multinational firms; the company has to expand its production, manufacture good quality products and should solve the problems. There should be a smooth flow in running the firms. Then only the company has improved in its production, profit, technology and growth. The advantages of multinational company are as follows:- Marketing opportunity: When they expand over different countries their market expands. The products can be marketed world-wide in different parts of the world and the exports also can be increased. Joint -venture with overseas countries also makes a national firm multinational. Research and Development: This helps us to manufacture products with good quality. If any failure occurs, while designing a product, this helps us to rectify the errors. And immediately the problem is solved. Export promotion: Export and import plays a key role for the countries income. Lot of foreign exchange is earned through supply of raw materials, technology and various other product. Growth of industry: The growth of multinational companies are considered to be quick when compared to others. It also helps the domestic companies to grow by giving work opportunities. They also help them enter global market through their network. Gives latest technology: it plays the role of manufacturing good quality products and reduces the cost of production. Multinational companies are basically rich. It solves the bridge between developed countries and developing countries. Optimum utilization of resources: this helps us to utilize the natural and artificial resource in a preserved manner. Uses natural and artificial resources of the home country. Home country gets benefited by the growth of these companies. Help to local industry: This provides a ready market to domestic suppliers of raw materials or semi-finished products Management opportunities: Opens management opportunities to management students who can be appointed as professional managers to earn a handsome salary and build reputation of the company. National development: Developing countries are highly benefited by the multinational companies. It helps them to increase their efficiency and improve the technology and most importantly foreign direct investment. It helps the developing country improve economically as well by providing financial and technical support. Monopoly: When multinational company enters in to domestic market they compete with existing competitors and break the monopoly of selected few companies. Conclusion Firms go multinational as they are bound to have many advantages such as cheap labour, cheap raw materials which will help them in cost cutting. They enter into a competitive market and strive to increase their sales. There are three important stages to become a multinational firm. They greatly depend up on export and expansions of export sales to justify building new plants out of the countries. Secondly overseas production, there must be a limit to overseas sales that is being halted by a multinational company. Lastly the firm needs to start their research, planning, organizing, coordinating, production, marketing and financial support which is said to be RD (Research and Development) to go multinational. In deciding whether the reasons for becoming multinational have changed, considering the buzz word has only been around for the best part of forty years it is fair to say that it has not. If we look back at the end of the last century the only difference is that the huge petroleum companies, gold mines and fruit growers only became multinational. To get closer to their market, the transport of such goods are difficult than it is today. Indeed, as recently as it could still be taken as axiomatic that it was both desirable and feasible for firms that were diversified both by product and to develop multidimensional strategic capabilities. To build broader organizational capabilities those transcend formal structure. Referencing Artisien.P and Maksimenko 2000.  Multinationals in Eastern Europe. London: St.Martins Press Inc. pp.11-35 Coolreferat. 2008.  Why Do National Firms Become M Essay. [ONLINE] Available at:http://pda.coolreferat.com/Why_Do_National_Firms_Become_M_Essay. [Accessed 29th March 2011] Haider. M.J. 2010.  Advantages of Multinational Company  . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/125324-Advantages-Multinational-Company.aspx. [Accessed 24th March 2011] John H. Dunning, 2000. The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity, International Business Review 9 (1), pp.163-190. Needle,D. 2004. Globalization: Paoli,L. and Cooke,A.  Business in Context. 5th ed. Hampshire: Rennie,T. pp.11-46. Rugman A.M., and Collinson S, 2009.  International Business. 5th ed. Essex: MCGraw-Hill. pp.7-21,39-45. World Bank. 2000.  Poverty in Age of Globalisation. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sph.umich.edu/symposium/2004/pdf/povertyglobalization.pdf. [Accessed 29th March 2011]

Management Structure At Habib Bank Limited Commerce Essay

Management Structure At Habib Bank Limited Commerce Essay HBL is the largest bank in Pakistan which has 1450 branches in Pakistan and 55 branches in all over the world. HBL head office is situated in Karachi, Pakistan, the first capital city of Pakistan. HBL commonly referred as HBL Pakistan. HBL is mainly do functions in commercial banking. Commercial Banking means that it accepts deposits from investors and creditors and lending loans to borrowers, which may sometimes common public and mostly the well established industries and organizations, takes loan to fulfill their expenditures. History: *********** The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, make a perception that their must one financial intermediation which helps the Muslims of India before the separation of Pakistan and India. So the HBL came into being in 1942 at Bombay. Then, Jinnah after the seperation of Pakistan and India decided to move the head of HBL in Pakistan, so the first bank opens in Pakistan at Karachi, which is the first capital of Pakistan at that time. Then the HBL Bank nationalized and intertwined with Habib Bank (overseas) by the government of Pakistan. HBL privatized their bank in 1991. Vision and Mission: ************************* Our vision is to satisfy our customers with services so well that they came to our company again and again. They feel comfortable with our services at customer value and satisfaction. HBL mission is to satisfy customers in such a way that they feel prosperity to come again and again in our business. HBL divides their values in five categories: Excellence Integrity Customer focus Meritocracy Progressiveness Excellence in HBL is that we must maintain our services in excellence to keep us within the market. Integrity in HBL is they must have to maintain their sincerity and truthfulness in the market otherwise the customer give importance to our opponent banks. Customer focus in HBL is that they must identify the customer needs, wants and demands and to fulfill their needs at customer value and satisfaction. Meritocracy in HBL is that they must have to give oppurtunities to their employees and must believe in them to increase their production. Progressiveness in HBL is that they must have to introduce new products and methods in their and to introduce new innovative ideas and to implement to give new qualities services. Management: ****************** Management in business is to get more and more peoples and together them for a same purpose that is getting things or goals done with the available resources that the company has, to produce the profit. Management is very important part of any company. Its main focus is to manage the employees, make policies, standards, and motivate employees to fulfill their tasks. Management Functions: ******************************* Management performs four kinds of tasks, which are as follows: Planning Organizing Leading Controlling Planning is to make policies, standards, regulations in the company. This is mainly done by the top-level managers. They make the policies and give it to middle managers to implement those policies within the organization. Organizing is to organize the schedule on the daily basis, and to make operations within the organization and distribute them to employees to perform their tasks. Organizing is basically managing of companys tasks, goals and objectives. Staffing some analysts thinks as the third function of management, but some say that they are not part of management. Staffing in each and every business is to arrange and fix the employees in the right post what qualities the employee has. Leading is to lead the business in order to acquire the goals and objectives and to maximize their profits. Leading is mainly done by the supervisors who cooperate with employees at regular basis. Controlling is the process by management controls the company performances and explains them to fulfill their tasks according to company policies and regulations. This is mainly done top-level, middle- level and first-level managers. The HBL is also performing this management functions to fulfill their tasks, goals, and objectives. Management Skills: ************************* The skills which must be required in managers to appoint them as managers are: Technical skills Political skills Interpersonal skills Conceptual skills Diagnostic skills Technical skills are that managers must have specialized knowledge which are required for the managers post. Political skills must be required in managers post to keep the power in their area to manage operations and to establish connections. Conceptual skills are by the managers to search the conceptual problems in the company and to resolve these problems. Interpersonal skills are used to communicate with the employees, and to motivate, and to supervise them in their problems. In order to manage the routine employees problems managers must have interpersonal skills, because in order to resolve this complexes managers must have to communicate with the employees. Diagnostic ability helps him to choose the most appropriate response in any situation. If they judge the mistaken or wrong answer to this it means that they has less ability to pick the select the right choice in the complex situations. In HBL managers they have these skills in order to manage their companys position in the market and to give appropriate oppurtunities to employee, so they feel satisfaction in the company. Basic Roles: **************** The basic roles which managers must adopt are: Interpersonal Roles Informational Roles Decisional Roles Interpersonal Roles as we discuss before interpersonal skills, same to that in this manner that managers role is to coordinate with their employees, and make an interaction between them. Informational Roles are that the managers must handle, share information with the companies employees to gain the companies objectives and goals in a better way, because if the employee knows about these things they put their full efforts in gaining these goals. Decisional Roles are that the managers must have the ability of take decisions in complex situations and take the appropriate decisions. In Habib Bank Limited, there managers have these roles in order to maintain their company operations. Levels of management: ****************************** In any organizations there are at least three level of management: Top-Level Management Middle-Level Management First-Level Management Top-Level Management usually involves the management which takes decisions about the policies, regulations, objectives and goals of the companies. They are board of directors, chief executive managers, president, vice president and much more. Middle-Level Management usually works as the middle management who tells about the policies, goals and objectives of company, which are set by top-level management to the lower-level management. They are mainly responsible to give details information about the company operations to the top-level management. They are normally branch managers, operation managers, finance managers and much more. First-Level Management is responsible to complete the tasks of the day to day basis business. They usually assign the tasks to the employees and if they have any problems they supervise or assist them to solve that problem. They are also responsible to the daily production of the company. In HBL bank they have these management levels in their company to make policies, implement those policies and for managing the day to day work. The following diagram explains the management levels in HBL bank. SWOT Analysis: ********************* This analysis is necessary in every organization to assess about their internal and external affairs. They are usually used to the advantages and disadvantages in business due to internal problems and external that is daily changes in market. The SWOT analysis is distributed into four categories, such as: Strengths Weaknesses Oppurtunities Threat Strengths are used to examine the advantages of any business. Weaknesses are used to examine the weakness in any business or company, to check which problems they are facing today and they can manage them. Oppurtunities means to check what kind of oppurtunities the company is giving to its employees and customers, and also it involves the job seekers. Threat is used to examine that which kind of threats the company is facing today and which they will face in future. After discovering them, the next step is to take steps to resolve with such threats e.g., if the opponent starts giving their services at less price. In Habib Bank Limited they are also using SWOT analysis to check the strengths, weaknesses, oppurtunities and threats, and after that they take steps to eliminate the weaknesses and threats and also to improve and increase their strengths and oppurtunities. The following diagram explains you the SWOT analysis in HBL Bank: Production or Operation: ******************************** Production or operation is done on the daily basis to give valuable services to customers at customer value and satisfaction. Basically the operation manager is responsible for these. They supervise employees and assign them the tasks on the daily basis to get the required goals and objectives. You can see the production process in this: Input Transformation Output The steps involved which a company or organization must examine are: Quality Management Scheduling Forecasting Design Layout Quality management is important field or area in production department. By giving the quality services or products advantage the company in this manner, to gain customer loyalty. This operation is done by the operation manager. Scheduling is done by the operation manager. In this field, the manager makes the schedules to save the wastage of time by dividing the operations in suitable levels, which is divided in such manner to save as much time as possible in operations. Forecasting method is used to forecast about future events by examining the past experience. By this method the operation managers make decisions that what steps they have to take to increase their production level. Design is that the company changes their services on the routine basis to get more satisfaction from customers. To keep them within the market they must have to focus on this area because in todays rapidly changing markets effect our position in the market if we do not focus on this area. Layout is basically the arrangement of structure. It basically presents a good atmosphere look of the company to the customers to attract them. HBL is also focusing on the operation area strongly. They basically deal with the services and want to improve them in this field for providing best quality services in the market. For this they are focusing them on quality management, scheduling, forecasting, design, and layout methods. Functions in HBL: *********************** HBL Bank offers different services to its customers e.g., commercial banking, corporate banking, Investment banking, Retail banking, Treasury banking, and Islamic banking. Commercial banking in which HBL bank accepts deposits from investors and lending loans to borrowers. Corporate banking focusing on giving the facility of cash management and payroll services to the customers. Investment banking in which the lends their loans and the other ways in which they can invest their deposits to get interest e.g., in stock exchange. Retail banking is the most important function of HBL bank, because in this aspect the HBL provides the least cost deposit to open a new account. Treasury banking in HBL is used basically to manage the capital risk and to prepare balance sheet statements in order to manage assets and liabilities of company. Islamic banking services are also given in HBL bank at customers demand. Marketing: ************* Marketing in companies plays an important role. Companies use this to identify the customers needs, and to know about changing markets, and to make strong customer relations, and make marketing mix programs etc. Definition: ************* Marketing is making some policies and strategies to sell their goods in the market at customer value and satisfaction. Needs and Wants: *********************** Think about what you really need. In marketing we must have to identify the needs of customers and satisfy them and sell at profitable value. Needs involve the physical needs like food, clothing, safety etc. Wants are needs that are different in every person because of their personality and culture background. Demands are that people wants quality products that satisfy their needs at customer value. HBL Bank is focusing in all of these aspects to provide quality service to their customers. Marketing Mix: ******************* Marketing mix involves four steps, which is also known as 4 Ps, are as under: Price Product Placement Promotion Price plays a vital part in marketing mix. In order to maintain their Services, company must maintain their prices rates to sell their products and services to customers at customer satisfaction value. Product is the brand or service which the company is going to introduce in market to get responses from customers. Products are normally introduced by the company after gaining knowledge of the peoples needs and wants. Placement is that after choosing the brand or service which the company is going to introduce in market, the company decide that where they place this product or service in market. Promotion is the last step of marketing mix, in which the company promotes its product or service by advertisement in newspapers, TV commercials and much more. The HBL bank provides many types of facilities to customers in products, from which the two are discussed as follows: Debit Card Master Card HBL introduced Debit Card service to give him the service to use this card as payment tool. By this they can withdraw cash from ATM machines without waiting for his money at the cashier point. HBL also provides the facility of Master Card, by which they can buy their basic needs, also if they have no cash. This card is like a bank loan which the customer has to pay at a specified date. Debit Cards and Credit Card images are follows: Segmentation: ******************* Segmentation is that marketers distribute their services or products into segments, which they do after a research that in which segment which product or service is best to introduce. Peoples needs, wants and demands in different regions is different due to culture, personality, basic needs and much more. HBL bank is also focusing in the segmentation method to fulfill the different needs of peoples of different regions. For Example HBL bank provides the facility of online banking in 650 branches out of 1450 branches. Promotion: *************** Promotion in marketing is to put an impression of the company or brand or services in peoples mind. HBL is also doing such kind of activities. For Example Jahan Khawab Wahan HBL. Human Resource Management: **************************************** More and more companies are demanding to appoint skilled persons to functions of their company in a proper manner, to get the desired goals. For this they are mainly focusing on different areas to get the appropriate employees for their companies. Human resource management also referred as personnel management. The functions which the Human Resource Management is focusing are listed as follows: Current Assessment Job Analysis Recruitment and Selection process Training Development Performance Management Compensation Employee Relation Current Assessment: *************************** In Current Assessment method the human resource manager search Where and which department the company needs more skill posts. Current Assessment method is also used for forecasting our future by examining the past experience. They also make forecasting how much employee leaves our company this year and how much employees retire this year. Job Analysis: ****************** In Job Analysis human resource collect a list of specifications means which skills and duties are needed for that post. For the collection of data they use two kinds of searching The Interview Questionnaires In the interview method the human resource manager takes the Interview of individual employees, group of employees, supervisors who have the knowledge about that post. In the questionnaire the human resource manager give questions to employees to fill the questions. After collecting all the related data they make the job description after consulting with that data. Job description is basically involves all the tasks and responsibilities which the hiring employee will perform. Job Specification is also the area of Job Analysis, in which the human resource manager makes the specifications which are required for that post. This involves education, skills, personality, aptitudes and much more. Recruitment Selection Process: ******************************************* Recruitment process is that how we attract people to collect the pool of candidates to complete the work. First we examine the internal resources that we choose any specific person from inside the company for a particular post. Second way is that utilize our external resources to hire a suitable candidate for a particular post e.g., through advertisement, through internet or through newspapers adds we collect pool of candidates. The following picture explains you the process which the HBL bank is using in their recruitment and selection process. In the HBL bank recruitment process they after planning make a perception that which vacancy is going to fill. They get this information after making a proper examining of job analysis area, which they had prepared to identify the skills and duties that are required. First they collect the pool of candidates which are appropriate for their posts in which they want to hire employees. HBL uses both the internal resources and d external resources as well to collect suitable candidates for jobs, to meet our goals and objectives in a better way. In the external resources, HBL bank uses the advertising e.g., by newspapers, Trade and Professional Journals (Aurora Magazine), Internet job sits like (Rozee.pk). They are using another oppurtunities to hire candidates from outside sources e.g., Sidat Hyder Morched Association are working for HBL bank to search suitable candidates from outsourcing, or through College Recruitment the, HBL bank hire the final semester students from LUMS University and Lahore School of Commerce, by sending their selected employees who make surveys to these colleges to collect the suitable pool of candidates. Selection: ************** After finishing the recruitment area, means after selecting the suitable pool of candidates, the next step taken is to select the most suitable candidate for this job. In HBL bank selection board selects the suitable candidates from the pool of candidates by examining their CV are which are submitted to them. The first step which is taken in the selection process is screening. Through the screening process the organizations select the appropriate candidates for that post. After screening process the organizations takes a test. In HBL bank after short listing suitable candidates they call them for an interview and test. The methods which are used for interviews are: Structured Interview Unstructured Interview In the structured interview, the interviewer makes a planned interview that which questions they are going to ask from candidates. In the unstructured interview, they did not prepare that which questions they are going to ask, except this they ask questions from candidates as they feel it is necessary to ask from candidates. In HBL bank they also use these methods to take an interview of candidates. It depends on the interviewer that which means they are going to use to take an interview from candidates. Either they are going to use: Panel Interview One-to-One Interview Mass Interview Panel Interview in which two or more than two peoples takes interview from candidates. In one-to-one or face-to-face interview, only one person takes the interview of candidates. In Mass Interview, they take two or more candidates interview at the same time. After taking interviews, they take tests of candidates to get the knowledge about candidates skills and common sense. The types of tests they take in this are: Cognitive tests Intelligent Quotient test Aptitude test Personality test Training Development: ******************************** Developing is the process by which organizations groom their existing employees skills, and to train the new comers about how they will have to done their tasks. The difference is that we use training to train new comers about how they will have to do their tasks, but we develop the existing employees skills to perform their tasks with more efficiency. The methods which are normally used in HBL bank for training are: On-the-Job Training Off-the-Job Training Apprenticeship Training Informal lectures Effective lectures On-the-Job Training means to train the employees on the job, when they are performing their tasks. Off-the-Job Training means is the vice versa of on-the-job training, that is not given during the job. They are normally specified for managerial posts not for ordinary employees. Apprenticeship training in which the employees are trained by the coordination of classroom instructions and on-the-job training. Informal learning is that the most of the labor gains knowledge by informal means during their job. Effective lectures are given in HBL bank routinely to make their employees efficient to perform their tasks in an effective way. Performance Management: ********************************** It is the responsibility of the human resource management to prepare the procedures for performance management. Performance Management is used to compare the employees current and past performance in perspective of performance standards. HBL bank is also focusing in this area in this manner that they also check the performance of their employees on the routine basis. They also award rewards and bonuses to the employees, if they perform their given tasks in an effective manner. Compensation: ******************** Compensations are salaries, wages, rewards, and bonuses which are given to the employees by the organization for performing their tasks in an effective manner. HBL bank compensates to its employees in two perspectives: Direct Financial Payments Indirect Financial Payments In the direct financial payment the HBL pays directly to the employees their salaries, wages, rewards, and bonuses in cash. In the indirect financial payments they do not give cash directly, but in the way of services e.g., medical, insurance, residence, car fuel etc. Employee Relation: ************************* Employee Relations is to produce employee relationship among the employee and employer, and managers. To build employee relation the HBL provides two facilities: They build employee relationship by interpersonal communication between employees. The second one is that they perform to solve the conflicts between employees and to build strong employee relations between them. Finance: ************ Finance basically performs two types of tasks: First is the collection of Capital Second one is allocation of Finance In the first category, the finance managers collect Capital from the investors or creditors. HBL bank is basically a commercial bank, so it collects cash from creditors who deposit their money in banks. After the collection of capital, the next step which is taken by the finance manager is where they invest this capital to earn profit. In HBL bank they lends their deposits to the borrowers, who may be common person or also taken by the industries to meet their expenditures. HBL bank invests their deposits in these categories: Auto Finance Personal Loans Flexi Loans Housing Loans New Jubilee Life Insurance: ************************************ HBL also combines them with NJI Life Insurance to launch two more products in markets. Amaan Tabeer Amaan is the service provided by HBL bank to those persons who are retired from their jobs. Basically it is retirement focus policy which introduces you with the services to meet your desires or dreams e.g., to purchase a new car, to go for world tour etc. Tabeer is the service, which is provided by the HBL bank to secure your childs future in education and marriage needs. Service Quality Department: ************************************ The service quality department is used to improve and differentiate our business in the market with our services that we provide to our customers. In todays world it is very difficult to establish an image of your organization in the market easily. This is because of the changing habits of peoples in our environment. The changeness in the peoples behavior is also affected by his family, culture, background and many other things. Thus in order to improve company skills in this department the HBL bank is providing some facilities, which are as under: Staff service Dress Code observance Mystery shoppers Customer service recognition programs Service crisis Management Suggestions: ****************** The HBL banking online banking is charging some cost. The advice is that in order to improve his customer services, they must reduce their costs on online banking. HBL introduces first time the Tele-banking service for their customers. But my suggestion is that when the customer use the Tele-banking service, the answer which he/she receives mostly that the operator is busy, please wait for sometime. HBL bank must have to take steps to improve their Tele-banking service sector. HBL introduces the college recruitment in his bank to get the latest pool of candidates available in the market. But my suggestion is that they must have to improve this service, because the process method of college recruitment is too slow. The HBL bank promotion process is too slow, because they give fewer opportunities to employees to exceed in their jobs. My suggestion is that HBL bank must have to change his promotion policies; otherwise they lose employee satisfaction in their company. The another problem which the customer are facing, that their most ATM machines networks are not working properly. So they must have to repair their network services or to replace the ATM machines.

Needs Analysis: The Who, What, When and Where of Training Essay

Needs Analysis: The Who, What, When and Where of Training In a nutshell, (needs) analysis is the planning we do in order to figure out what to do. Allison Rossett, 1999 Needs analysis is the systematic basis for decisions about how to influence performance (Stout, 1995). This is where it all begins -- establishing relationships, exploring strategies, and defining solutions. The key is to seek the gap between the current situation and the desired situation and then to focus resources where they're most needed. The analysis must determine root causes. For example, a question about why something doesn't or won't work is just as critical as what people do and do not know. Needs assessment then is a study conducted to determine the exact nature of an organizational problem and how it can be resolved. That needs assessment becomes the basis for wise recommendations about instruction and supporting organizational strategies, and for enlisting support throughout the organization. Managers are often in too much of a hurry. They implement a solution which is sometimes, but not always, the correct intervention. This can prove to be an expensive error. The largest expense for human resources programs, by far, is attributable to the time spent by the participants in training programs, career development, and organization development activities. In training, costs due to lost production and travel time can be as much as 90-95% of the total program costs (Gilbert, 1988). There are two ways to learn of training needs. The first method takes the proactive approach. An instructional designer goes into the system and searches for problems or potential problems. The goal is to make the system more efficient and ... ...nowledge Management Meets Analysis. Training and Development, 53, pp. 62-68. Rossett, Allison (1997). That was a great class, but†¦ Training and Development, 51(7), pp. 18-24. Rossett, Allison (1995). Needs assessment. In G.J. Anglin (ed.), Instructional Technology: Past, Present, Future (2nd edition) (pp. 183-196). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Rossett, Allison (1991). When performance and instructional technologists talk: Dialog about impact, change and personal growth. Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 7(2), pp. 71-80. Rossett, Allison (1989). Assess for success. Training and Development, 43(5), pp. 55-59. Steadman, S.V. (1980). Learning to Select a Needs Assessment Strategy. Training and Development, 30, pp. 56-61. Stout, D. (1995). Performance Analysis for Training, Niagra Paper Company, Niagra, WI

Comparison of Stereotypes and Stereotyping in A Dolls House and The Breakfast Club :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Stereotyping in A Doll's House and The Breakfast Club      Ã‚   When you see someone with expensive jewelry, driving a Lexus with tinted windows, rap music blaring from a mega stereo system, do you assume that he is a punk or drug dealer? This is an example of stereotyping. How are stereotypes assigned? Often they are created by society and are based on gender, race, religion, age, or social standing. Henrick Ibsen focused on the theme of stereotyping in his play A Doll's House.    In A Doll's House, Nora is seen as more an object than a person. When the play was written, women in general were viewed as wives and mothers, not individuals. Nora skillfully plays the part of obedient wife as Torvald questions her about what she did in town, assuring him that she "would never dream of doing anything [he] didn't want [her] to (Ibsen 933)." In "The Breakfast Club," the characters' peers designate stereotypes as a result of a combination of social status and behavior. Brian is "the brain" because he is an A student, Bender is "the criminal" on account of his rebellious behavior, and so forth. In his essay to Mr. Vernon, Brian addresses the stereotypes that have been placed on him and his peers:    "...we think you're crazy to make us write this essay telling you who we think we are. You see us as you want to see us...in the simplest terms and the most convenient definitions. You see us as a brain, an athlete, a basket case, a princess, and a criminal. Correct? That's the way we saw each other at seven o'clock this morning. We were brainwashed" (Hughes).    In agreement with the opening quote from the movie, these characters "are quite aware of what they're going through" (Hughes).    Stereotypes are superficial, however, and when they are peeled off they often reveal something completely unexpected. When Torvald receives the letter from Mr. Krogstad and learns of Nora's secret, he begins to see her as "a hypocrite, a liar...a criminal" (Ibsen 974). When the conflict is resolved and it becomes clear that no one will suffer because of her forgery, Torvald returns Nora's stereotype of vulnerable woman, telling her he "wouldn't be a proper man if [he] didn't find a woman doubly attractive for being so obviously helpless" (Ibsen 975). In "The Breakfast Club," the teenagers have been aware of their stereotypes for quite some time.

Chief Bill Bratton Leadership Essay

When one thinks of a leader, what type of person do we think of? Is that individual a hero that we see on television, a cartoon character, a family member, or is that person a public servant? Regardless of occupation and title, a leader is a person who inspires others and they know how to motivate people. â€Å"When they arrive, you see something about them that stands out. The inner strength of their leadership ability emerges†. (Gonzalez, 2007, February 1). Leaders are individuals in your area of work who are focused on the tasks at hand and they have a clear and concise vision on what their respective organizations are set out to do. How do you know if you are being an effective leader? A leader is a person who is looked up to and has a plan to get things accomplished. Within groups, a leader is the person who makes the final decision for the group and it is a person who is motivated to see success for their organization. â€Å"A leader is on a quest and you can see itâ₠¬ . (Gonzalez, 2007, February 1). In the area of law enforcement, Bob Vernon states that there are six questions that every law enforcement officer leader should ask to see if they are being effective leaders. Vernon states that each law enforcement leader should look in the mirror and ask themselves if their organization has the following: a.) Direction, b.) Teamwork, c.) Staff development, d.) Principles, values, and policies, e.) Communication, and f.) controls (Vernon 60-62). Few officers were more of a leader than William Joseph â€Å"Bill† Bratton was. Bratton was born on October 6, 1947 in Dorchester, Massachusetts which is a suburb of Boston. He attended Boston Technical High School and graduated in 1965. Bratton went on to serve in the military and he served in the Vietnam War during the 1960’s. Bratton began his police career with the Boston Police Department in 1970. Within ten years he rose to the rank of Superintendent. During Bratton’s police career he held the position of Superintendent with three of the largest police agencies in the world. Bratton served with the Boston Police Department from 1991-1993, the New York City Police Department from 1994-1996, and lastly with the Los Angeles Police Department from 2002-2009. During Bratton’s tenure with the New York Police Department, the work he did resulted in dramatic change in the level of crime in the city. For example, murder rates dropped from 2,500 per year to just less than 1,000 per year. Shootings fell from 6,000 to 3,000 a year and robberies from 85,000 to approximately 50,000 per year. (Blair, 2002, September, 23).

Public Opinion of Police by Different Ethnic Groups Essay

Cooperation from members of the human cosmoss is important in order for law core force policemans to effectively fight crime deep down the community. In order to obtain cooperation from members of the popular, law of nature officers must gain their curse and self-confidence. It has been cognize that Afri endure Ameri crappers and Hispanics have dispirit levels of dedicate and confidence in jurisprudence because of racial disparities and racial write. This paper allow discourse the world opinion of constabulary by different ethnic groups and how racial minorities chink lower levels of bank and confidence in natural law. The paper will bring forward dispute the November 5, 1992 Detroit law beating of Malice unripe and how members of the community perceived legal philosophy reaction after the beating. Express your opinion on the topicAfrican Americans and Hispanics have lower levels of trust and confidence in patrol because of racial disparities and racial p rofiling. question has also shown that lower-income African Americans hold negative views of police in general. Cooperation from individuals at bottom the community comes from gaining trust and confidence deep down the police (Tyler, 2005). The public is more uncoerced to coope gait with police when trust and confidence is at a higher(prenominal) rate (Tyler, 2005). If members of the community do not trust the police system, accordingly they will not use it (Tyler, 2005). Research has shown that gabardines and minorities help police in cardinal different ways. The first is by describe crimes and criminals (Tyler, 2005). The second is by working indoors their neighbourhood to fight crime (Tyler, 2005). And the threesome is by patronageing the disbursement of public resources to the police (Tyler, 2005). In 2002, 1,653 New Yorkers were surveyed in regards to the NYPD and policing activities in their neighborhood. Survey questionsincluded 1.) How apparent would you be t o call the police to cogitation a crime that was occurring in your neighborhood? 2.) How believably would you be to help the police to find some unity suspected of committing a crime by providing them with information? and 3.)How likely would you be to report dangerous or fishy activities in your neighborhood to the police? (Tyler, 2005) The survey also asked how often the police use ethnic slurs against people in your neighborhood, treat people disrespectfully because of their race, misuse people physically because of their race, and bully or intimidate people because of their race? (Tyler, 2005) Results from the work indicated that respondents who were White had higher levels of trust and confidence in police than minorities (Tyler, 2005). Hispanics confidence in police was intermediate of Whites and murkys (Tyler, 2005). Racial profiling has been a hot topic lately and has influenced citizens perceptions of police. Minorities that been stop due to racial profiling are more wi lling to voice their dissatisfaction with the police. Minorities who have not been racially profiled but hear stories about racial profiling may be more incredulous of future experiences with police. Research has establish that minorities tend to rate officer authenticity in a more target manor when stop by a minority officer (Tyler, 2005). Minorities that are halt by White officers tend to be more skeptical of the officer doings (Tyler, 2005). African Americans are the most skeptical of police behavior and especially cogitate they are treated unfairly when a White officer scratch them (Tyler, 2005). police force officers race could be an important factor out in improving citizen and officer relations.Having a diverse law enforcement agency can help better develop relationships deep down the community as well as build trust and confidence, and assist in effective policing by encouraging support and cooperation from citizens of the community. Understanding how officer race can influence the perceptions of police by minorities is very important in todays society because police organizations have more and more received complaints for targeting minority drivers during traffic dough (Cochran, Warren, 2012). It has been known that racial profiling is mostly associated with White officers. Data taken from the 2005 natural law overt Contact Survey indicated that Black males and females negatively evaluated police behavior when stopped by a White officer, unconstipated if the officer provided a good priming coat to stop them (Cochran, Warren, 2012). If the officeris a minority, the rejoinder received was completely opposite (Cochran, Warren, 2012). With that being said, minority citizens who are stopped by a minority officer rate officer legitimately more objectively than if stopped by a White officer (Cochran, Warren, 2012). Research also showed that African Americans have a higher tendency for viewing police behavior as well as the justice system s shit (Cochran, Warren, 2012).Findings in regards to skepticism of police by Hispanic males and females came up invalid. Therefore suggesting that the fault between police and citizens is focused within African American communities (Cochran, Warren, 2012). Include at least one contemporary fount as an example to illustrate the of import points On November 5, 1992, six white officers and one black supervising officer of the Detroit Police Department had repeatedly punched, kicked, and bludgeoned Malice immature, a Detroit African American resident, who later died because of the injuries (Sigleman, Welch, Bledsoe, & Combs, 1997). Mr. Greens death was ruled as a homicide by blunt force trauma to the head. All seven of the officers were suspended.The media reportage was so intense and focused, therefore education an image of police as indisposed(p) or unresponsive to African Americans (Sigleman, Welch, Bledsoe, & Combs, 1997). In July 1992 and November 1992, the Wayne State Univ ersity Center for Urban Studies absolute an in-home interview with 1,124 residents in the Detroit area. The survey-contained questions pertaining to the perceptions of how Blacks were treated by police and how quickly did they respond to your calls for help. Results showed that Blacks were more skeptical than whites were on police response to calls for help (Sigleman, Welch, Bledsoe, & Combs, 1997). Blacks were also more suspicious that police would abuse powers during traffic stops (Sigleman, Welch, Bledsoe, & Combs, 1997). ConclusionResearch has shown African Americans run the lowest levels of trust within police whereas Whites express the highest level of trust within police and Hispanics are in the midsection (Tyler, 2005). Research has also shown that the public is more willing to cooperate with police when trust and confidence is at a higher rate (Tyler, 2005). If members of the community do not trust the police system, then they will not use it (Tyler, 2005). Research has further shown that minority citizens who are stopped bya minority officers rate officer legitimately more objectively than if stopped by a White officer (Tyler, 2005).ReferencesCochran, J. C., & Warren, P. Y. (2012, May). Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Perceptions of the Police. Journal of coetaneous Criminal Justice, 28(2), 206-227. Sigelman, L., Welch, S., Bledsoe, T., & Combs, M., (1997, December). Police Brutality and Public Perceptions of Racial Discrimination A news report of Two Beatings. Political Research Quarterly, 50(4), 777-791. Tyler, T. R. (2005, September). Policing in Black and White Ethnic class Differences in Trust and Confidence in the Police. Police Quarterly, 8(3), 322-342.

Pyramids and Ziggurats

Pyramids and ziggurats both provide archeologists with a slap-up deal of information more(prenominal) or less the ancient cultures that constructed them. When comparing The Great Pyramids of Egypt with The Ziggurats of Mesopotamia and the Mesoamerican Pyramids, the differences between them argon more likely than the similarities that they share. The structures single appear to be similar. both(prenominal) film the general form of a pyramid. several(prenominal) other similarities shared by these structures can be interpreted from a sacred context of those who had them erected and what role they served for the society.Among the differences are their usage, how they were decorated, their designs, and the materials used in their construction. The Egyptian pyramids were strengthened as the final resting military position for the pharaoh. It was likewise where the Pharaohs possessions were kept for him to enjoy in the afterlife. What has been rear in spite of appearance of th ese tremendous pyramids are precise layouts. For example, page 51 in our starting line book shows a diagram of the pyramid and inside each of them is a press shaft that extends from the deepest chamber to the outside. Coincidentally it is reorient with the North Star.The Great Pyramids are kind of evoke. The st superstars are so tight that you cannot heretofore put a knife in between the stones. It makes you think how could this be practicable? It makes you think how did these pyramids get built? Some might say that they were moved on wooden sleds, but it is quite weighty to imagine how they constructed something on this scale. While it is legitimate that the forced delve of war prisoners was a common practice at the time, or so people agree that the humongous labor force used in create the pyramids consisted of workers from throughout Egypt as it states in our book.Another interesting fact is that they are excessively abruptly square and they are aligned or so preci sely with a compass. So actually the main purposes of these pyramids were to expect a resting place for their Pharaohs as they entered the afterlife. The pyramids of Mesoamerica in any case had their dead hide inside just as the Maya had through as mentioned in Book three on page 105. Unlike the old-fashioned Egyptian pyramids, these pyramids are better cognise for serving as altars or bearers of sacrificial offerings. Like the ancientEgyptians, the early civilizations of Mesoamerica were involved in agriculture and their lives depended on how successful the crop is. Because of this, both the Mayans and the Aztecs preformed human sacrifice as part of agricultural renewal. The temples had a yen stair-stepped design that shows their purpose. The stepped design isnt the plainly difference from the pyramids of ancient Egypt, but it was also the function they served in the society. These were temples to gods, and each one had a staircase topped with a temple.The Mesoamerican py ramids were the heart and center of the urban center and community. Its main focus was to serve as religious ceremonies and civic ceremonies unlike the Egyptians which had their pyramids past from the villages. The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan was designed to correspond certain astronomical events providing a link between the culture and the universe. If you smack at the Pyramid of the Sun compared to the pyramids in Egypt, it is exactly the same size in terms of base as the great pyramid, but its height is roughly fractional the size of the great pyramids.It is actually more similar to the Mesopotamian Ziggurats than the Ancient Egyptians Pyramids. Ziggurats are a lot like the Mesoamerican pyramids, with their stair-stepped require and temple tops. But ziggurats were not places of venerate to the Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians that built them, they were the gods actual homes. In fact, only the priests could enter. And while South American pyramids have long stai rcases, ziggurats have ramps and move. Many ziggurats also had seven tiers, representing the seven known planets or the seven heavens.For the most part, the ziggurats that still subsist can be found principally in Iran and Iraq. Ziggurats and pyramids do greatly differ with function and purpose. As I had stated, Pyramids were purpose to be the final resting places of the pharaohs. Ziggurats, however, were built to signal the gods. Because of this, only special priests were allowed to go inside the ziggurats. Ziggurats also function as a retreat spot for the priest in case of a flood at the ground level. It also is a apprehend temple with dwelling places, storages, and courtyards.Zigguratss have steps and ramps with its sides receding. They pyramids have a long widen of staircases as the Mesoamerican pyramids demonstrated and aerodynamic sides, as the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids showed. The Ziggurats do lack internal chambers unlike the Egyptian Pyramids. The Ziggurats have sev en layers that represent the seven planets of heaven. Studying these ancient structures gives us a chance to take a look at the past. It is amazing how these feats of technology survived this long.Because of this, we are able to look at the civilizations that built them and how they incorporated these structures into their society. For Ancient Egyptians, it was for the decedent pharaohs as they made their journey to the afterlife. For the Mesoamericans, it was for religious purposes and agricultural renewal. And last for the Mesopotamians, it served as a house where the gods lived. These structures were a representation of the integral universe to these people. It is hard to compare with anything that we have now.